| mean age | SD age | mean internalization | SD internalization | N | r | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 47.38 | 15.29 | 8.31 | 1.5 | 721 | 0.151 | .151 |
| Australia | 46.92 | 17.58 | 7.45 | 1.79 | 2150 | -0.205 | -.205 |
| Austria | 49.77 | 14.18 | 7.9 | 1.59 | 1371 | 0.098 | .098 |
| Bangladesh | 32.06 | 10.9 | 8.65 | 1.28 | 390 | -0.225 | -.225 |
| Belgium | 46.2 | 18.65 | 7.76 | 1.49 | 1146 | 0.154 | .154 |
| Bolivia | 43.41 | 12.98 | 8.24 | 1.47 | 29 | 0.389 | .389 |
| Brazil | 37.2 | 14.07 | 8.42 | 1.57 | 1820 | 0.091 | .091 |
| Bulgaria | 30.54 | 10.98 | 8.24 | 1.74 | 639 | 0.043 | .043* |
| Canada | 43.41 | 17.39 | 7.91 | 1.74 | 961 | -0.074 | -.074 |
| Chile | 49.21 | 15.47 | 8.16 | 1.43 | 97 | -0.033 | -.033* |
| China | 43.24 | 14.02 | 7.59 | 1.31 | 1030 | 0.07 | .070 |
| Colombia | 40.54 | 15.36 | 8.33 | 1.6 | 1247 | 0.129 | .129 |
| Costa Rica | 44.64 | 12.73 | 8.06 | 1.42 | 25 | 0.082 | .082 |
| Croatia | 45.94 | 14.55 | 7.57 | 1.81 | 509 | 0.016 | .016* |
| Cuba | 48.65 | 12.73 | 8.89 | 1.46 | 43 | -0.027 | -.027* |
| Denmark | 48.69 | 17.54 | 7.07 | 1.86 | 566 | 0.055 | .055 |
| Dominican Republic | 40.39 | 12.46 | 8.73 | 1.48 | 36 | -0.095 | -.095 |
| Ecuador | 40.64 | 11.98 | 8.21 | 1.43 | 148 | 0.05 | .050 |
| El Salvador | 46.43 | 11.51 | 8.47 | 1.43 | 28 | 0.222 | .222 |
| Finland | 38.64 | 13.77 | 7.62 | 1.64 | 685 | 0.091 | .091 |
| France | 43.13 | 16.16 | 6.97 | 1.71 | 1111 | -0.096 | -.096 |
| Germany | 49.34 | 16.16 | 7.24 | 1.95 | 1543 | -0.051 | -.051 |
| Ghana | 31.58 | 7.8 | 5.51 | 1.61 | 190 | -0.225 | -.225 |
| Greece | 29.77 | 11.43 | 8.15 | 1.44 | 637 | 0.112 | .112 |
| Guatemala | 44.67 | 13.31 | 8.65 | 1.52 | 48 | 0.182 | .182 |
| Honduras | 39.25 | 14.3 | 9.02 | 1.25 | 24 | -0.075 | -.075 |
| Hungary | 48.57 | 16.52 | 8.05 | 1.59 | 501 | 0.055 | .055 |
| India | 32.74 | 11.71 | 8.44 | 1.59 | 610 | -0.063 | -.063 |
| Iraq | 31.02 | 14.25 | 7.75 | 1.71 | 548 | -0.001 | -.001* |
| Ireland | 38.26 | 14.66 | 8.54 | 1.26 | 734 | 0.051 | .051 |
| Israel | 41.13 | 15.25 | 8.25 | 1.54 | 1249 | 0.058 | .058 |
| Italy | 46.74 | 16.7 | 7.45 | 1.67 | 1265 | 0.034 | .034* |
| Japan | 47.1 | 15.23 | 6.2 | 1.57 | 1153 | -0.037 | -.037* |
| Latvia | 45.6 | 14.11 | 7.01 | 1.86 | 1006 | 0.029 | .029* |
| Mexico | 47.8 | 13.77 | 8.32 | 1.55 | 1244 | 0.165 | .165 |
| Morocco | 32.02 | 12.58 | 7.92 | 1.79 | 625 | -0.037 | -.037* |
| Nepal | 28.01 | 7.62 | 8.42 | 1.46 | 347 | 0.141 | .141 |
| Netherlands | 49.61 | 16.81 | 7.71 | 1.48 | 1286 | 0.155 | .155 |
| New Zealand | 45.73 | 17.62 | 7.63 | 1.7 | 509 | -0.095 | -.095 |
| Nicaragua | 42.75 | 14.84 | 8.35 | 1.69 | 16 | -0.048 | -.048* |
| Nigeria | 32.11 | 10.87 | 8.67 | 1.45 | 521 | 0.064 | .064 |
| North Macedonia | 38 | 11.55 | 8.18 | 1.61 | 680 | 0.159 | .159 |
| Norway | 47.05 | 17.36 | 7.95 | 1.56 | 527 | 0.022 | .022* |
| Pakistan | 26.96 | 8.43 | 8.29 | 1.68 | 473 | 0.076 | .076 |
| Panama | 44.11 | 17.32 | 8.48 | 1.72 | 18 | 0.153 | .153 |
| Paraguay | 38.94 | 9.33 | 8.09 | 1.45 | 16 | 0.335 | .335 |
| Peru | 46.21 | 14.43 | 8.1 | 1.59 | 91 | -0.051 | -.051 |
| Philippines | 36.75 | 12.27 | 8.19 | 1.65 | 502 | -0.019 | -.019* |
| Poland | 46.44 | 17.09 | 7.43 | 1.77 | 1809 | 0.061 | .061 |
| Puerto Rico | 64 | 16.97 | 9.4 | 0.57 | 2 | - | - |
| Romania | 42.43 | 13.94 | 7.82 | 1.8 | 996 | 0.02 | .020* |
| Russia | 45.02 | 15.47 | 7.44 | 1.87 | 558 | -0.035 | -.035* |
| Senegal | 35.82 | 13.08 | 8.34 | 1.65 | 304 | -0.113 | -.113 |
| Serbia | 42.92 | 11.86 | 8.24 | 1.65 | 751 | 0.096 | .096 |
| Singapore | 43.02 | 13.73 | 7.39 | 1.67 | 520 | -0.027 | -.027* |
| Slovakia | 44.2 | 15.88 | 7.43 | 1.69 | 1255 | 0.034 | .034* |
| South Africa | 39.78 | 13.42 | 8.74 | 1.28 | 580 | 0.007 | .007* |
| South Korea | 41.86 | 13.85 | 6.75 | 1.6 | 491 | -0.024 | -.024* |
| Spain | 45.99 | 13.67 | 8.14 | 1.45 | 1077 | 0.16 | .160 |
| Sweden | 52.94 | 15.38 | 8.11 | 1.48 | 1552 | 0.118 | .118 |
| Switzerland | 47.94 | 16.65 | 7.18 | 1.77 | 1056 | 0.048 | .048* |
| Taiwan | 43.99 | 13.25 | 6.66 | 1.57 | 833 | 0.073 | .073 |
| Turkey | 37.25 | 15.25 | 7.99 | 1.71 | 1439 | 0.038 | .038* |
| Ukraine | 37.45 | 8.03 | 7.57 | 1.64 | 577 | -0.111 | -.111 |
| United Arab Emirates | 31.87 | 8.65 | 8.47 | 1.5 | 183 | -0.006 | -.006* |
| United Kingdom | 45.66 | 15.63 | 8.53 | 1.3 | 549 | -0.061 | -.061 |
| United States | 44.24 | 16.6 | 7.35 | 1.9 | 1488 | -0.189 | -.189 |
| Uruguay | 52.88 | 13.7 | 8.13 | 1.58 | 49 | 0.247 | .247 |
| Venezuela | 46.53 | 12.97 | 8.4 | 1.79 | 96 | 0.074 | .074 |
Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001
Â
| mean age | SD age | mean symbolization | SD symbolization | N | r | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Argentina | 47.38 | 15.29 | 5.61 | 2.26 | 721 | 0.151 | .151 |
| Australia | 46.94 | 17.6 | 5.46 | 2.03 | 2154 | -0.206 | -.206 |
| Austria | 49.77 | 14.14 | 5 | 2.04 | 1391 | 0.098 | .098 |
| Bangladesh | 31.98 | 10.89 | 6 | 2.19 | 393 | -0.226 | -.226 |
| Belgium | 46.26 | 18.66 | 4.75 | 1.92 | 1157 | 0.157 | .157 |
| Bolivia | 43.41 | 12.98 | 6.26 | 2 | 29 | 0.389 | .389 |
| Brazil | 37.21 | 14.07 | 6.06 | 2.14 | 1828 | 0.089 | .089 |
| Bulgaria | 30.67 | 11.12 | 5.25 | 2.36 | 646 | 0.039 | .039* |
| Canada | 43.44 | 17.38 | 5.07 | 1.91 | 963 | -0.073 | -.073 |
| Chile | 49.21 | 15.47 | 5.56 | 2.29 | 97 | -0.033 | -.033* |
| China | 43.24 | 14.02 | 6.44 | 1.51 | 1030 | 0.07 | .070 |
| Colombia | 40.56 | 15.36 | 5.77 | 2.29 | 1259 | 0.127 | .127 |
| Costa Rica | 44.64 | 12.73 | 5.62 | 2.38 | 25 | 0.082 | .082 |
| Croatia | 45.95 | 14.55 | 5.05 | 2.02 | 513 | 0.022 | .022* |
| Cuba | 48.65 | 12.73 | 7.09 | 2.53 | 43 | -0.027 | -.027* |
| Denmark | 48.69 | 17.54 | 4.53 | 2.05 | 566 | 0.055 | .055 |
| Dominican Republic | 40.39 | 12.46 | 6.93 | 2.19 | 36 | -0.095 | -.095 |
| Ecuador | 40.64 | 11.98 | 6.21 | 2.3 | 148 | 0.05 | .050 |
| El Salvador | 46.43 | 11.51 | 4.83 | 3.11 | 28 | 0.222 | .222 |
| Finland | 38.64 | 13.77 | 3.8 | 1.98 | 685 | 0.091 | .091 |
| France | 43.18 | 16.19 | 5.31 | 1.89 | 1116 | -0.093 | -.093 |
| Germany | 49.58 | 16.14 | 4.43 | 2.2 | 1587 | -0.049 | -.049* |
| Ghana | 31.23 | 7.75 | 4.49 | 2.43 | 206 | -0.21 | -.210 |
| Greece | 29.77 | 11.43 | 4.58 | 1.79 | 637 | 0.112 | .112 |
| Guatemala | 44.67 | 13.31 | 6.02 | 2.41 | 48 | 0.182 | .182 |
| Honduras | 39.25 | 14.3 | 7.61 | 1.85 | 24 | -0.075 | -.075 |
| Hungary | 48.53 | 16.56 | 5.46 | 2.1 | 505 | 0.051 | .051 |
| India | 32.89 | 11.79 | 5.08 | 2.35 | 633 | -0.074 | -.074 |
| Iraq | 31 | 14.15 | 5.79 | 1.89 | 557 | 0 | < .001** |
| Ireland | 38.24 | 14.64 | 4.95 | 2.03 | 737 | 0.05 | .050 |
| Israel | 41.14 | 15.25 | 4.98 | 2.04 | 1250 | 0.057 | .057 |
| Italy | 46.68 | 16.7 | 5.88 | 1.94 | 1274 | 0.03 | .030* |
| Japan | 47.09 | 15.23 | 4.43 | 1.73 | 1160 | -0.039 | -.039* |
| Latvia | 45.6 | 14.11 | 4.88 | 1.92 | 1006 | 0.029 | .029* |
| Mexico | 47.79 | 13.75 | 6.14 | 2.32 | 1252 | 0.165 | .165 |
| Morocco | 32.16 | 12.63 | 5.21 | 2.3 | 645 | -0.035 | -.035* |
| Nepal | 28.06 | 7.59 | 6.62 | 1.79 | 351 | 0.147 | .147 |
| Netherlands | 49.63 | 16.83 | 4.78 | 1.98 | 1296 | 0.158 | .158 |
| New Zealand | 45.76 | 17.62 | 5.37 | 1.91 | 510 | -0.09 | -.090 |
| Nicaragua | 42.75 | 14.84 | 5.8 | 3.04 | 16 | -0.048 | -.048* |
| Nigeria | 32.09 | 10.82 | 7.19 | 1.92 | 527 | 0.063 | .063 |
| North Macedonia | 38.14 | 11.62 | 5.33 | 2.18 | 695 | 0.165 | .165 |
| Norway | 47.04 | 17.39 | 4.81 | 1.85 | 532 | 0.03 | .030* |
| Pakistan | 26.97 | 8.4 | 6.02 | 1.93 | 479 | 0.073 | .073 |
| Panama | 44.11 | 17.32 | 5.73 | 2.65 | 18 | 0.153 | .153 |
| Paraguay | 38.94 | 9.33 | 6.26 | 2.56 | 16 | 0.335 | .335 |
| Peru | 46.21 | 14.43 | 5.89 | 2.25 | 91 | -0.051 | -.051 |
| Philippines | 36.78 | 12.27 | 6.55 | 1.95 | 505 | -0.014 | -.014* |
| Poland | 46.44 | 17.09 | 5.46 | 1.93 | 1809 | 0.061 | .061 |
| Puerto Rico | 64 | 16.97 | 7.8 | 1.41 | 2 | - | - |
| Romania | 42.45 | 13.97 | 5.97 | 2.04 | 1000 | 0.022 | .022* |
| Russia | 45.02 | 15.47 | 4.08 | 2.17 | 558 | -0.035 | -.035* |
| Senegal | 35.6 | 13.05 | 5.49 | 2.49 | 328 | -0.095 | -.095 |
| Serbia | 42.92 | 11.89 | 4.36 | 2.24 | 761 | 0.097 | .097 |
| Singapore | 43.06 | 13.73 | 5.59 | 1.85 | 522 | -0.028 | -.028* |
| Slovakia | 44.19 | 15.88 | 5.5 | 2.05 | 1261 | 0.034 | .034* |
| South Africa | 39.9 | 13.42 | 5.85 | 2.18 | 625 | 0.015 | .015* |
| South Korea | 41.86 | 13.84 | 6.09 | 1.48 | 494 | -0.022 | -.022* |
| Spain | 46 | 13.68 | 4.97 | 2.01 | 1089 | 0.157 | .157 |
| Sweden | 52.91 | 15.4 | 4.69 | 2.04 | 1564 | 0.12 | .120 |
| Switzerland | 47.94 | 16.65 | 4.9 | 1.94 | 1056 | 0.048 | .048* |
| Taiwan | 43.99 | 13.25 | 5.11 | 1.84 | 833 | 0.073 | .073 |
| Turkey | 37.23 | 15.25 | 5.96 | 2.29 | 1448 | 0.037 | .037* |
| Ukraine | 37.45 | 8.03 | 4.38 | 2.26 | 577 | -0.111 | -.111 |
| United Arab Emirates | 31.81 | 8.6 | 5.92 | 1.99 | 186 | -0.007 | -.007* |
| United Kingdom | 45.66 | 15.62 | 4.54 | 2.06 | 550 | -0.062 | -.062 |
| United States | 44.27 | 16.6 | 6.07 | 2.14 | 1493 | -0.189 | -.189 |
| Uruguay | 52.88 | 13.7 | 5.32 | 2.24 | 49 | 0.247 | .247 |
| Venezuela | 46.53 | 12.97 | 6.06 | 2.58 | 96 | 0.074 | .074 |
Note. * = sig. at p < .05; ** = sig. at p < .001
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